Math 310: Elementary Combinatorics Spring 2012
Penn State University Sections 1 & 2

Instructor: David Little
Office: 403 McAllister
Office Hours: TR 2-4 and by appointment/walk-in
Phone: (814) 865-3329
Fax: (814) 865-3735
E-mail:dlittle@psu.edu

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Course Topics

CHAPTER 1 What is Combinatorics?
1.1 Perfect Coverings of Chessboards
How many perfect coverings are there of chessboards of varying dimensions? See Perfect Coverings Worksheet.
CHAPTER 2 Permutations and Combinations
2.1 Four Basic Counting Principles
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Principles of Counting.
2.2 Permutations of Sets
Permutations, r-permutations and circular r-permtuations; the number of ways of seating people in a row of chairs or at a circular table. See Permutations Worksheet.
2.3 Combinations of Sets
r-combinations; the number of ways of selecting r objects from a collection of n distinct objects. See Combinations Worksheet.
2.4 Permutations of Multisets
the number of permutations of a multiset, the number of r-permutations of a multiset where each distinct object is repeated a minimum of r times.
2.5 Combinations of Multisets
the number of r-combinations of a multiset with k distinct objects, the number of nonnegative integer solutions to x1 + x2 + ... + xk= r, the number of ways to distribute r identical objects to k people.
CHAPTER 5 The Binomial Coefficients
5.1 Pascal's Triangle
Pascal's Formula for the binomial coefficients, Pascal's Triangle.
5.2 The Binomial Theorem
Expanding (x+y)n, identities involving binomial coefficients.
5.4 The Multinomial Theorem
Expanding (x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xk )n.
CHAPTER 7 Recurrence Relations and Generating Functions
7.1 Some Number Sequences
Arithmetic and Geometric sequences, Fibonacci sequence, explicit function definition of a sequence, recursive definition of a sequence.
7.2 Generating Functions
How to use power series to find solutions to combinatorial problems.
7.4 Solving Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations
How to compute solutions of linear homogeneous recurrence relations with constant coefficients; Characteristic equation and characteristic roots. How to use generating functions to find solutions to recurrence relations.
7.5 Nonhomogeneous Recurrence Relations
How to compute solutions of linear nonhomogeneous recurrence relations with constant coefficients.
CHAPTER 8 Special Counting Sequences
8.1 Catalan Numbers
A variety of combinatorial interpretations of the Catalan sequence; Recursive formula for the nth Catalan number
8.2 Stirling Numbers
s(n,k), the number of ways to seat n people at k identical circular tables with at least one person at each table (a.k.a Stirling numbers of the first kind); S(n,k), the number of partitions of an n-element set into exactly k nonempty subsets (a.k.a Stirling numbers of the second kind); Bell Numbers
8.3 Partition Numbers
Counting the number of ways to write n as a unordered sum of integers.
Additional Topics, time permitting
The Method of Inclusion-Exclusion
How to count the cardinality of the union of sets that overlap without restriction.
Rogers-Ramanujan Identities
A brief introduction to the world's most famous partition identity.
The 20-fold Way
A review of many of the concepts studied this semester by way of arranging books on shelves. See The 20-fold Way Worksheet